Lifeboat Foundation

Further study of newly-sequenced portions of the genome could also help scientists better understand how humans evolved particular traits, such as the bigger brains that sent them down a genetically distinct path from their great ape ancestors.

“The things that make our frontal cortex bigger come from the genes that map in these repetitive regions,” said Evan Eichler, a professor in the department of genome sciences at the University of Washington School of Medicine and also part of the research collaborative.

Advances in genomic sequencing technology could drive a renaissance of medical breakthroughs, the researchers say.

No E3 this year, but we’ll get another Summer Game Fest.

The Electronic Entertainment Expo, known as E3, has been completely canceled for 2022. The event was originally going to be held in person this year but was shifted to an online showcase over COVID-19 concerns. That online showcase has now been canceled.

Collaboration seeks to translate disease strategies found in the animal kingdom into new treatments for human disease.

Almost 1,000 adults and children with type 1 diabetes have been given a potentially life-altering ‘artificial pancreas’ by the NHS in England as part of the first nationwide test into the effectiveness of this technology in the world.

Health and high quality care for all, now and for future generations.

Using the Hyper-CEST NMR technique, the team led by Leif Schröder from the Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für Molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP) and the Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ) has managed to reveal two previously little researched variants of a type of transport container from the class of metal–organic polyhedra (MOPs). The researchers want to use this knowledge to develop a novel type of contrast agent in MR (magnetic resonance) imaging.

The concept of a modular construction system proves useful in many applications for assembling complex structures for specific functions from individual, repeated sub-units. In chemistry, the principle can be used to construct a self-assembling network from smaller molecular units that acts as a transport container of a defined size. For example, several metal ions can be linked with organic molecules. These MOPs (metal–organic polyhedra) are used, for instance, to capture greenhouse gases or to pave the way for more effective chemotherapeutic agents by loading them with certain drugs, which they then release in the tumor. Several aspects of the behavior of these structures have not yet been adequately explored. This is partly because there are not always appropriate techniques available to observe the loading and unloading of these MOPs at the molecular level —often, no differences can be measured between the empty and loaded variants for either the container or its contents.

In cooperation with a team from the University of Oulu in Finland, Leif Schröder’s research group has now investigated MOPs that spontaneously assemble in solution from iron ions and an organic compound to form tetrahedra. In the process, the organic struts can be attached differently to the iron “nodes.” Essentially, this influences the properties of MOPs, such as their capacity to kill tumor cells. In the case of the MOP under study, however, it was previously thought that only one of the three theoretically predicted variants existed. The other two variants were considered too unstable because no analytical methods were able to detect them. Using a new method of magnetic resonance (hyper-CEST NMR), Schröder’s team member Jabadurai Jayapaul has now succeeded in demonstrating that these previously unknown variants do exist.

GABAergic dysfunctions have been implicated in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, especially the associated cognitive impairments. The GABA synthetic enzyme glutamate decarboxylase 67-kDa isoform (GAD67) encoded by the GAD1 gene is downregulated in the brains of patients with schizophrenia. Furthermore, a patient with schizophrenia harboring a homozygous mutation of GAD1 has recently been discovered. However, it remains unclear whether loss of function of GAD1 leads to the symptoms observed in schizophrenia, including cognitive impairment. One of the obstacles faced in experimental studies to address this issue is the perinatal lethality of Gad1 knockout (KO) mice, which precluded characterization at the adult stage. In the present study, we successfully generated Gad1 KO rats using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology.

Glutamate decarboxylase 67-kDa isoform (GAD67), which is encoded by the GAD1 gene, is one of the key enzymes that produce GABA. The reduced expression of GAD67 has been linked to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Additionally, the excitatory glutamatergic system plays an important role in the development of this disorder. Animal model studies have revealed that chronic blockade of NMDA-type glutamate receptors can cause GABAergic dysfunction and long-lasting behavioral abnormalities. Based on these findings, we speculated that Gad1 haplodeficiency combined with chronic NMDA receptor blockade would lead to larger behavioral consequences relevant to schizophrenia in a rat model. In this study, we administered an NMDAR antagonist, MK-801 (0.2 mg/kg), to CRISPR/Cas9-generated Gad1^+/− rats during adolescence to test this hypothesis. The MK-801 treated Gad1^+/− rats showed a shorter duration in each rearing episode in the open field test than the saline-treated Gad1^+/+ rats. In contrast, immobility in the forced swim test was increased and fear extinction was impaired in Gad1^+/− rats irrespective of MK-801 treatment. Interestingly, the time spent in the center region of the elevated plus-maze was significantly affected only in the saline-treated Gad1^+/− rats. Additionally, the MK-801-induced impairment of the social novelty preference was not observed in Gad1^+/− rats. These results suggest that the synergistic and additive effects of Gad1 haplodeficiency and NMDA receptor blockade during adolescence on the pathogenesis of schizophrenia may be more limited than expected. Findings from this study also imply that these two factors mainly affect negative or affective symptoms, rather than positive symptoms.

γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (Obata, 2013). Post-mortem brain studies on schizophrenia have shown that GABAergic disturbances are part of the pathophysiology of the disorder (Lewis and Sweet, 2009). In particular, the expression level of the GABA-synthesizing enzyme glutamate decarboxylase 67-kDa isoform (GAD67) is lower in the cerebral cortex of patients with schizophrenia than in that of healthy subjects (Guidotti et al., 2000; Volk et al., 2000; Hashimoto et al., 2003; Hashimoto et al., 2008; Curley et al., 2011). GAD67 is encoded by the GAD1 gene, whose SNPs are also suggested to be risk factors for schizophrenia (Addington et al., 2005). We previously reported that Gad1^−/− rats displayed some schizophrenia-relevant behaviors, including working memory, which is important for the functional outcome of schizophrenia (Fujihara et al., 2020a).

Scientists have been trying to locate the final pieces of the human genome for nearly 20 years, coming close to decoding it but never fully succeeding. Until now.