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Category: innovation

Sutskever’s List

“If you really learn all of these, you’ll know 90% of what matters today.” – Ilya Sutskever.

AI is transforming the world faster than we could have imagined. But how did we get here? AI guru Ilya Sutskever made the bold claim that most of what you need to know about modern AI is captured in 30 seminal research papers on deep learning.

What did Ilya see? Read through Sutskever’s List and you’ll uncover the breakthroughs, ideas, and mental models that shaped his vision and much more, all clearly explained and interpreted by veteran author and teacher Richard Heimann.

Improved method offers broader, faster detection of protein-ligand interactions

EMBL scientists have improved a protein analysis technique, significantly expanding its use and making it 100 times faster.

Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius, in a letter to a fellow chemist, first suggested the name “proteins” for a particular class of biological substances, deriving it from the Greek word proteios, meaning “primary” or “of first importance.” Although scientists in the 1830s knew very little about proteins, it was already clear how essential they were to living organisms.

Long-known as the “workhorses of the cell,” proteins are responsible for powering nearly every function in the body. Often critical to this is their interactions with other small molecules known as ligands. In a new study published in Nature Structural and Molecular Biology, EMBL researchers introduce HT-PELSA, a high-throughput adaptation of an earlier tool that detects these interactions. This new tool can process samples at an unprecedented scale, a breakthrough that promises to accelerate and our understanding of fundamental biological processes.

Non-harmonic two-color femtosecond lasers achieve 1,000-fold enhancement of white-light output in water

Scientists at Japan’s Institute for Molecular Science have achieved a 1,000-fold enhancement in white-light generation inside water by using non-harmonic two-color femtosecond laser excitation. This previously unexplored approach in liquids unlocks new nonlinear optical pathways, enabling a dramatic boost in supercontinuum generation. The breakthrough lays a foundation for next-generation bioimaging, aqueous-phase spectroscopy, and attosecond science in water.

This work appears in Optics Letters.

Researchers at the Institute for Molecular Science (NINS, Japan) and SOKENDAI have discovered a new optical principle that enables dramatically stronger light generation in water, achieving a 1,000-fold enhancement in broadband white-light output compared to conventional methods.

Regrowing tooth enamel: Scientists discover breakthrough gel for stronger teeth and cavity prevention

A groundbreaking study reveals a new glycerol-stabilised calcium phosphate gel that can naturally repair early enamel damage, mimicking the tooth’s own mineralisation. This innovation promises a shift from drilling and filling cavities to regenerating enamel, potentially reducing sensitivity and offering long-lasting protection. While human trials are pending, this discovery heralds a future of regenerative dentistry.

Pressure to publish is rising as research time shrinks, finds survey of scientists

About 68% of respondents said the pressure to publish their research is greater than it was two to three years ago and only 45% agreed that they have sufficient time for research (see ‘Researchers are feeling the pressure’). Another concern is uncertainty over funding — just 33% of respondents expect funding in their field to grow in the next 2–3 years. And that proportion fell to just 11% in North America, reflecting unprecedented cuts to US research funding this year.

“As a researcher based in Brazil, I strongly relate to the survey’s findings, particularly the growing pressure to publish despite limited time and resources,” says Claudia Suemoto, a gerontologist at the University of São Paulo Medical School. “The demand for productivity has indeed increased in recent years, yet opportunities for funding and access to qualified personnel remain constrained in Brazil and other low-and middle-income countries.”

Suemoto says this imbalance of high demands and restricted resources often forces researchers to do more with less, which could affect the quality and innovation of research. Comments researchers made as part of the survey indicate that the lack of time is down to factors including growing administrative and teaching demands and trying to identity and acquire funding.

A breakthrough map reveals how the brain really works

Scientists have shown that brain connectivity patterns can predict mental functions across the entire brain. Each region has a unique “connectivity fingerprint” tied to its role in cognition, from language to memory. The strongest links were found in higher-level thinking skills that take years to develop. This work lays the groundwork for comparing healthy and disordered brains.

Plasma lens can focus attosecond pulses across different ranges of XUV light

A team of researchers from the Max Born Institute (MBI) in Berlin and DESY in Hamburg has demonstrated a plasma lens capable of focusing attosecond pulses. This breakthrough substantially increases the attosecond power available for experiments, opening up new opportunities for studying ultrafast electron dynamics. The results have now been published in Nature Photonics.

Attosecond pulses—bursts of light lasting only billionths of a billionth of a second—are essential tools for observing and controlling electronic motion in atoms, molecules, and solids. However, focusing these pulses, which lie in the extreme-ultraviolet (XUV) or X-ray region of the electromagnetic spectrum, has proven highly challenging due to the lack of suitable optics.

Mirrors are commonly used, but they offer low reflectivity and degrade quickly. Lenses, though the most straightforward tool for focusing , are not suitable for focusing attosecond pulses, because they absorb the XUV light and stretch the attosecond pulses in time.

Infrared sensors gain sensitivity with ultra-thin lens for fire and threat monitoring

Researchers have developed a highly sensitive method for detecting hotspots in the environment, such as bushfires or military threats, by harnessing the focusing power of meta-optical systems.

The key to the approach is innovative lens technology thinner than a , which can collect and process from fires and other heat sources with much improved efficiency. Crucially, it does not need cryogenic cooling, unlike current sensors.

The result is that promises to enhance devices in both the civilian and military spheres, said Dr. Tuomas Haggren, lead researcher on the project.

AI Is Overheating. This New Technology Could Be the Fix

Engineers have developed a passive evaporative cooling membrane that dramatically improves heat removal for electronics and data centers Engineers at the University of California San Diego have created an innovative cooling system designed to greatly enhance the energy efficiency of data centers

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