University of Arizona Health Sciences researchers are harnessing artificial intelligence and wearable tech to forecast labor, detect stress and transform how we monitor our health.
Category: health – Page 6
Stress genes clear dead cells, offering new disease insights
A new study from The University of Texas at Arlington details a novel strategy for how the body clears out dead cells during stress, revealing unexpected roles for well-known stress-response genes—a discovery that could help scientists better understand diseases affecting the immune system, brain and metabolism.
“The body is constantly creating new cells and removing old cells once they die,” said Aladin Elkhalil, lead author of the study and a third-year doctoral student in the lab of Piya Ghose, assistant professor of biology at UT Arlington. “This removal of dead cells is just as important as creating new ones, because if the body is unable to rid itself of dead cells, it can lead to various health problems”
Published in PLOS Genetics, the study was conducted on the roundworm C. elegans by Dr. Ghose, Elkhalil and Alec Whited, another graduate student in the Ghose lab. This tiny, transparent organism is a widely used tool in genetic research because its see-through body allows scientists to observe live cell behavior, including how cells die. The research team took advantage of these unique features in several innovative ways.
Scientists achieve shortest hard X-ray pulses to date
Once only a part of science fiction, lasers are now everyday objects used in research, health care and even just for fun. Previously available only in low-energy light, lasers are now available in wavelengths from microwaves through X-rays, opening a range of different downstream applications.
In a study published in Nature, an international collaboration led by scientists at the University of Wisconsin–Madison has generated the shortest hard X-ray pulses to date through the first demonstration of strong lasing phenomena.
The resulting pulses can lead to several potential applications, from quantum X-ray optics to visualizing electron motion inside molecules.
Imaging-based STAMP technique democratizes single-cell RNA research
Scientists at St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, the National Center for Genomic Analysis and the University of Adelaide have created a single-cell RNA analysis method that is 47 times cheaper and more scalable than other techniques.
Single-cell RNA sequencing provides scientists with important information about gene expression in health and disease. However, the technique is expensive and often prohibits analysis of large numbers of cells.
Scientists from St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, the National Center for Genomic Analysis and the University of Adelaide have created a method that combines microscopy with single-cell RNA analysis to overcome these limitations. The technique called Single-Cell Transcriptomics Analysis and Multimodal Profiling through Imaging (STAMP) can look at millions of single cells for a fraction of the cost of existing approaches.
Tracing brain circuits that tell us when to eat—and when to stop
Scientists know the stomach talks to the brain, but two new studies from Rutgers Health researchers suggest the conversation is really a tug-of-war, with one side urging another bite, the other signaling “enough.”
Together, the papers in Nature Metabolism and Nature Communications trace the first complementary wiring diagram of hunger and satiety in ways that could refine today’s blockbuster weight-loss drugs and blunt their side effects.
One study, led by Zhiping Pang of Robert Wood Johnson Medical School’s Center for NeuroMetabolism, pinpointed a slender bundle of neurons that runs from the hypothalamus to the brainstem.
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New technologies help wood-burning stoves burn more efficiently, produce less smoke
Oregon State University researchers are gaining a more detailed understanding of emissions from wood-burning stoves and developing technologies that allow stoves to operate much more cleanly and safely, potentially limiting particulate matter pollution by 95%.
The work has key implications for human health as wood-burning stoves are a leading source of PM2.5 emissions in the United States. PM2.5 refers to fine particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 micrometers or smaller that can be inhaled deeply into the lungs and even enter the bloodstream. Exposure to PM2.5 is a known cause of cardiovascular disease and is linked to the onset and worsening of respiratory illness.
Even though a relatively small number of households use wood stoves, they are the U.S.’s third-largest source of particulate matter pollution, after wildfire smoke and agricultural dust, said Nordica MacCarty of the OSU College of Engineering.
Study finds protein droplets shield fragile DNA from repair errors
When DNA breaks inside the cell, it can spell disaster, especially if the damage occurs in areas of the genome that are difficult to repair. Now, scientists Irene Chiolo and Chiara Merigliano at the USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences have discovered that a protein called Nup98, long known for helping traffic molecules in and out of the cell’s nucleus, plays another surprising role: guiding the cell’s most delicate repairs and reducing the risk of genetic mistakes that can lead to cancer. Their findings were published in Molecular Cell.
With support from the National Institutes of Health, the National Science Foundation, and the American Cancer Society, the researchers revealed that Nup98 forms droplet-like structures deep inside the nucleus. These “condensates” act as protective bubbles around broken strands of DNA in areas called heterochromatin—zones where the genetic material is so tightly packed that making accurate repairs is especially challenging.
Heterochromatin—a major focus of Chiolo’s research—is filled with repeated DNA sequences, making it easy for the cell to confuse one stretch for another. Nup98’s droplets help lift the damaged section out of that dense zone and create a safer space where it can be repaired accurately, reducing the chance of genetic mix-ups that could lead to cancer.
