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Category: chemistry – Page 80

“The New Chemotherapy”: Duo Oncology Introduces First Innovative Cancer-Fighting Nanomedicine in Over a Decade

Fortunately, the past decade has experienced a boom, with over 200 startups bringing novel cancer therapies—primarily antibodies, viruses, or cells—into clinical trials aiming to find alternatives to toxic chemotherapy. Despite these innovations, chemotherapy remains an essential yet toxic part of cancer care. In Pittsburgh, a small team of scientist-entrepreneurs and oncologists started meeting every Friday morning before work, collaborating to search for a new chemistry, one that could replace toxic chemotherapies. Their search soon focused on compelling research about novel ultra-small nanomedicine chemistry that carried potent drugs deep into solid tumors while sparing healthy organs.

This new nanomedicine chemistry fascinated Dr. Sam Rothstein, a scientist-entrepreneur with 20+ years of nanomedicine research experience spanning academia and industry. “We could make a real positive impact on patients,” says Rothstein. “We know that nanomedicines, which keep potent therapies out of healthy organs, improve quality of life. But this novel ultrasmall chemistry could go even further, saving lives by reaching remote cancer cells that current therapies can’t touch.”

Dr. Rothstein set to work building a new company, calling on connections made over a 10+-year career as a life science startup CEO and CSO, where he founded and grew two nanomedicine startups from academic discoveries. After months of market, regulatory, and business research, Duo Oncology was born.

Searching for Life: The Role of MASPEX and Europa-UVS in NASA’s Europa Clipper Mission

Dr. Jim Burch: “With these precise measurements, the composition of the gases will reveal the story of the interior and whether the conditions for life exist beneath the icy surface of Europa.”

Will we find the building blocks of life, and potentially signs of life, on Jupiter’s moon, Europa? This is what the nine instruments onboard the recently launched NASA Europa Clipper mission hopes to address, with two being developed by the Southwest Research Institute (SwRI), the MAss Spectrometer for Planetary EXploration (MASPEX) and Ultraviolet Spectrograph (Europa-UVS). These two instruments hold the potential to help researchers determine the habitability of Europa and whether the small moon could support life as we know it.

The goal of MASPEX is to investigate the molecules that leave Europa’s surface, which occur either from Jupiter’s intense radiation interacting with the surface or emanating from Europa’s subsurface ocean that lies beneath its icy crust. MASPEX will accomplish this by collecting gases and stripping the ions to determine the types and sizes of the molecules present in the gases. Through this, MASPEX will help scientists better understand the chemical composition of Europa’s atmosphere, icy surface, and subsurface ocean.

Digital quantum simulation of nuclear magnetic resonance experiments

Programmable quantum computers have the potential to efficiently simulate increasingly complex molecular structures, electronic structures, chemical reactions, and quantum mechanical states in chemistry that classical computers cannot. As the molecule’s size and complexity increase, so do the computational resources required to model it.

Chemistry Nobel Awarded for an AI System That Predicts Protein Structures

All proteins are composed of chains of amino acids, which generally fold up into compact globules with specific shapes. The folding process is governed by interactions between the different amino acids—for example, some of them carry electrical charges—so the sequence determines the structure. Because the structure in turn defines a protein’s function, deducing a protein’s structure is vital for understanding many processes in molecular biology, as well as for identifying drug molecules that might bind to and alter a protein’s activity.

Protein structures have traditionally been determined by experimental methods such as x-ray crystallography and electron microscopy. But researchers have long wished to be able to predict a structure purely from its sequence—in other words, to understand and predict the process of protein folding.

For many years, computational methods such as molecular dynamics simulations struggled with the complexity of that problem. But AlphaFold bypassed the need to simulate the folding process. Instead, the algorithm could be trained to recognize correlations between sequence and structure in known protein structures and then to generalize those relationships to predict unknown structures.

New study challenges longstanding assumption about the cause of the genome’s most common mutation

A Ludwig Cancer Research study has punctured a longstanding assumption about the source of the most common type of DNA mutation seen in the genome—one that contributes to many genetic diseases, including cancer.

Led by Ludwig Oxford Leadership Fellow Marketa Tomkova, postdoc Michael McClellan, Assistant Member Benjamin Schuster-Böckler and Associate Investigator Skirmantas Kriaucionis, the study has implications not only for basic cancer biology but also for such things as assessments of carcinogenic risk associated with environmental factors and our understanding of the emergence of drug resistance during . Its findings are reported in the current issue of Nature Genetics.

The mutation in question—in which cytosine ©, one of the four bases of DNA that spell out our genes, is erroneously switched to thymine (T)—was thought to be primarily the result of a spontaneous chemical reaction with water. This reaction, deamination, is about twice as likely to happen when a cytosine is chemically tagged by the addition of a molecule known as a to create 5-methylcytosine, which occurs in DNA at so-called “CpG” positions, where C is followed by the base guanine (G).

Organic Matter on Mars was formed from Atmospheric Formaldehyde

Researchers have developed a Martian atmospheric evolution model to propose a new theory about Mars’s past. Although Mars is currently a cold, dry planet, geological evidence suggests that liquid water existed there around 3 to 4 billion years ago. Where there is water, there is usually life. In their quest to answer the burning question about life on Mars, researchers at Tohoku University created a detailed model of organic matter production in the ancient Martian atmosphere.

Organic matter refers to the remains of living things such as plants and animals, or the byproduct of certain chemical reactions.

Whatever the case, the stable carbon isotope ratio (13C/12C) found in organic matter provides valuable clues about how these building blocks of life were originally formed, giving scientists a window into the past.

Japanese Scientists Develop a Greener Way To Produce Chemical Building Blocks

A new study introduces an eco-friendly method using an AEM electrolyzer to hydrogenate cyclic amines, reducing the chemical industry’s carbon emissions. This process replaces fossil fuels with water and renewable electricity, maintaining high efficiency.

To reduce the environmental impact of the chemical manufacturing industry, it is crucial to develop greener methods for producing the chemical building blocks of widely used compounds.

It’s no secret manufacturing processes have some of the most impactful and intense effects on the environment, with the chemical manufacturing industry topping the charts for both energy consumption and emissions output. While this makes sense thanks to the grand scale in which manufactured chemicals are involved in daily life, it still leaves a lot to be desired for sustainability’s sake. By focusing on renewable energy sources and alternative methods for creating the chemical building blocks of some of the most commonly used compounds, researchers hope to reduce the chemical manufacturing industry’s footprint with some green innovation.

In double breakthrough, mathematician helps solve two long-standing problems

The solutions to these long-standing problems could further enhance our understanding of symmetries of structures and objects in nature and science, and of long-term behavior of various random processes arising in fields ranging from chemistry and physics to engineering, computer science and economics.

A Rutgers University-New Brunswick professor who has devoted his career to resolving the mysteries of higher mathematics has solved two separate, fundamental problems that have perplexed mathematicians for decades.