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Category: chemistry – Page 7

Zinc–iodine battery delivers double performance of lithium-ion batteries

Researchers at the University of Adelaide have developed a new dry electrode for aqueous batteries which delivers cathodes with more than double the performance of iodine and lithium-ion batteries.

“We have developed a new technique for –iodine batteries that avoids traditional wet mixing of iodine,” said the University of Adelaide’s Professor Shizhang Qiao, Chair of Nanotechnology, and Director, Center for Materials in Energy and Catalysis, at the School of Chemical Engineering, who led the team.

We mixed active materials as dry powders and rolled them into thick, self-supporting electrodes. At the same time, we added a small amount of a simple chemical, called 1,3,5-trioxane, to the electrolyte, which turns into a flexible protective film on the zinc surface during charging.

Quantum spirals: Programmable platform offers new ways to explore electrons in chiral systems

A new platform for engineering chiral electron pathways offers potential fresh insights into a quantum phenomenon discovered by chemists—and exemplifies how the second quantum revolution is fostering transdisciplinary collaborations that bridge physics, chemistry, and biology to tackle fundamental questions.

A high-resolution spectrometer that fits into smartphones

Color, as the way light’s wavelength is perceived by the human eye, goes beyond a simple aesthetic element, containing important scientific information like a substance’s composition or state.

Spectrometers are that analyze by decomposing light into its constituent wavelengths, and they are widely used in various scientific and industrial fields, including material analysis, chemical component detection, and life science research.

Existing high-resolution spectrometers were large and complex, making them difficult for widespread daily use. However, thanks to the ultra-compact, high-resolution spectrometer developed by KAIST researchers, it is now expected that light’s color information can be utilized even within smartphones or wearable devices.

How recurrent fluorescence helps organic molecules survive extreme interstellar conditions

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) has unlocked the depths of interstellar space with unprecedented clarity, offering humanity a high-resolution window into the cosmos. Harnessing this newfound capability, an international team of researchers set out to investigate how polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)—organic molecules and key players in cosmic chemistry—survive the harsh conditions of space and uncover the mechanism behind their resilience.

Cellular coordinate system reveals secrets of active matter

All humans who have ever lived were once each an individual cell, which then divided countless times to produce a body made up of about 10 trillion cells. These cells have busy lives, executing all kinds of dynamic movement: contracting every time we flex a muscle, migrating toward the site of an injury, and rhythmically beating for decades on end.

Cells are an example of active matter. As inanimate matter must burn fuel to move, like airplanes and cars, active matter is similarly animated by its consumption of energy. The basic molecule of cellular energy is (ATP), which catalyzes that enable cellular machinery to work.

Caltech researchers have now developed a bioengineered coordinate system to observe the movement of cellular machinery. The research enables a better understanding of how cells create order out of chaos, such as during or in the organized movements of chromosomes that are a prerequisite to faithful cell division.

Scientists unlock recipe for Kryptonite-like mineral that could power a greener future

Scientists from the Natural History Museum have unraveled the geological mysteries behind jadarite, a rare lithium-bearing mineral with the potential to power Europe’s green energy transition which, so far, has only been found in one place on Earth, Serbia’s Jadar Basin.

Discovered in 2004 and described by museum scientists Chris Stanley and Mike Rumsey, jadarite made headlines for its uncanny resemblance to the chemical formula of Kryptonite, the fictional alien mineral which depletes Superman’s powers. However, today its value is more economic and environmental, offering a high lithium content and lower-energy route to extraction compared to traditional sources like spodumene.

A team of researchers at the have uncovered why this white, nodular mineral is so rare. Their findings show that to form, jadarite must follow an exact set of geological steps in highly specific conditions. This involves a strict interplay between alkaline-rich terminal lakes, lithium-rich volcanic glass and the transformation of clay minerals into crystalline structures which are exceptionally rare.

Predicting chemical storm fronts: Framework enables predictive control over patterned polymer formation

Imagine being tasked with baking a soufflé, except the only instruction provided is an ingredient list without any measurements or temperatures.

It would likely take an enormous amount of time, effort and ingredients to bake the perfect soufflé. It would require trial and error—tweaking ingredient measurements, altering the temperature and baking duration—but what if you had a model that could predict the final product before anything ever went into the mixing bowl? It would not only save weeks’ worth of time and resources but could also provide useful details like why and how the soufflé rose and collapsed when it did or why the texture didn’t turn out how you expected.

Researchers at the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology aren’t quite baking soufflés. Instead, they developed a that digs into the chemical “recipe” of polymer manufacturing to provide predictive control over how materials self-organize to give rise to new textures and properties.

IBM’s Starling quantum computer: 20,000X faster than today’s quantum computers

IBM has just unveiled its boldest quantum computing roadmap yet: Starling, the first large-scale, fault-tolerant quantum computer—coming in 2029. Capable of running 20,000X more operations than today’s quantum machines, Starling could unlock breakthroughs in chemistry, materials science, and optimization.

According to IBM, this is not just a pie-in-the-sky roadmap: they actually have the ability to make Starling happen.

In this exclusive conversation, I speak with Jerry Chow, IBM Fellow and Director of Quantum Systems, about the engineering breakthroughs that are making this possible… especially a radically more efficient error correction code and new multi-layered qubit architectures.

We cover:
- The shift from millions of physical qubits to manageable logical qubits.
- Why IBM is using quantum low-density parity check (qLDPC) codes.
- How modular quantum systems (like Kookaburra and Cockatoo) will scale the technology.
- Real-world quantum-classical hybrid applications already happening today.
- Why now is the time for developers to start building quantum-native algorithms.

00:00 Introduction to the Future of Computing.
01:04 IBM’s Jerry Chow.
01:49 Quantum Supremacy.
02:47 IBM’s Quantum Roadmap.
04:03 Technological Innovations in Quantum Computing.
05:59 Challenges and Solutions in Quantum Computing.
09:40 Quantum Processor Development.
14:04 Quantum Computing Applications and Future Prospects.
20:41 Personal Journey in Quantum Computing.
24:03 Conclusion and Final Thoughts.

YTHDFs as radiotherapy checkpoints in tumor immunity

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most common and abundant endogenous mRNA methylation in eukaryotic cells (Huang et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2014). The regulation of this modification is achieved through the coordinated action of three distinct protein groups. The “writers” (methyltransferase complex), which include METTL3, METTL14, and WTAP, are responsible for adding the m6A modification. In contrast, the “erasers” (demethylases), which consist of FTO and ALKBH5, remove this chemical mark. Lastly, the “readers,” a group of proteins including YTHDF1/2/3 and YTHDC1/2, recognize and bind to m6A-modified RNA, thereby modulating diverse RNA metabolic processes. The m6A reader proteins YTHDFs exhibit distinct canonical functional roles: YTHDF1 primarily boosts the efficiency of mRNA translation, YTHDF2 enhances mRNA degradation, and YTHDF3 exerts dual functions by supporting both translation and degradation of mRNA, with its role varying depending on the specific biological context (Roundtree et al., 2017; Shi et al., 2017; Wang et al., 2014; Wang et al., 2015; Zaccara et al., 2019). Recent studies have revealed that YTHDF proteins can influence the efficacy of RT through mechanisms, such as modulating DNA repair and shaping the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) (Du et al., 2023; Shao et al., 2023; Shi et al., 2023; Wang et al., 2023a; Wang et al., 2023c; Wen et al., 2024a; Yin et al., 2023). Elucidating the functions and mechanisms of YTHDF proteins within the context of radiation biology holds significant potential for advancing therapeutic strategies in cancer RT.

This review provides an overview of recent progress in elucidating the mechanisms by which YTHDF proteins in tumor and immune cells modulate the therapeutic efficacy of RT. By synthesizing current knowledge on the functions of YTHDF proteins in the context of IR, we emphasize their indispensable role in shaping RT outcomes.