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Category: biotech/medical – Page 7

Subtle twist in materials prompts surprising electromagnetic behavior

Materials react differently to electric and magnetic fields, and these reactions are known as electromagnetic responses. In many solid materials, unusual electromagnetic responses have been known to only emerge when specific symmetries are broken.

Researchers at Rutgers University, Pohang University of Science and Technology, National Taiwan University and University of Michigan recently observed new electromagnetic effects in ferro-rotational materials, which they reported in a paper in Nature Physics. These are solid materials in which individual crystals collectively rotate, and form ordered rotational domains, without breaking spatial inversion (I) or time-reversal (T) symmetry.

“Twisting is ubiquitous in nature, appearing in DNA structures, climbing vines, and even in quartz crystals that exhibit piezoelectricity. Such twisting is typically three-dimensional and is described by chirality, characterized by left-or right-handedness,” Sang-Wook Cheong, senior author of the paper told Phys.org.

Critical constituents and assembly principles of centriole biogenesis in human cells

The centriole is crucial for fundamental cellular processes in eukaryotes, including cell polarity, signalling and motility. This Review discusses recent insights into the molecular architecture of centrioles and the principles governing their assembly, with a focus on human cells.

TNF-α signaling mediates the dopaminergic effects of methamphetamine by stimulating dopamine transporters and L-type Ca2+ channels

An inflammatory cytokine in the brain can drive the addictive properties of methamphetamine by triggering the release of dopamine, according to new preclinical work in Science Signaling.

Dopamine release that underlies methamphetamine addiction is driven by the cytokine TNF-α

Three-Dimensional Hepatocyte Spheroids: Model for Assessing Chemotherapy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Background: Three-dimensional cellular models provide a more comprehensive representation of in vivo cell properties, encompassing physiological characteristics and drug susceptibility. Methods: Primary hepatocytes were seeded in ultra-low attachment plates to form spheroids, with or without tumoral cells. Spheroid structure, cell proliferation, and apoptosis were analyzed using histological staining techniques. In addition, extracellular vesicles were isolated from conditioned media by differential ultracentrifugation. Spheroids were exposed to cytotoxic drugs, and both spheroid growth and cell death were measured by microscopic imaging and flow cytometry with vital staining, respectively. Results: Concerning spheroid structure, an active outer layer forms a boundary with the media, while the inner core comprises a mass of cell debris.

Molecular basis of DNA cross-linking by bacteria

The relevance of the gut microbiome, the community of microorganisms living in the digestive tract, to human health is a topic of intense interest. However, among the numerous benevolent bacteria living in the gut, there are some species that are harmful to humans.

For example, certain strains of Escherichia coli produce the genotoxin colibactin, which causes DNA damage and is linked with colon cancer. However, the colibactin molecule is complex and unstable, which has made it challenging to elucidate its chemical structure and the mechanism by which it damages DNA. In the culmination of years of research from multiple laboratories, researchers in a new Science study reveal the structure of the active form of colibactin bound to DNA.

The findings go a long way toward explaining the mutation signatures associated with colibactin exposure and provide substantial insight into how colibactin contributes to colorectal carcinogenesis.

Learn more in a new Science Perspective.

The structure of the bacterial genotoxin colibactin bound to DNA shows how it might contribute to cancer risk.

Orlando D. Schärer Authors Info & Affiliations

Continue reading “Molecular basis of DNA cross-linking by bacteria” | >

Scientists Discover Protein That Can Rejuvenate the Aging Immune System

A single blood protein can make aging stem cells act young again. As people age and notice changes like graying hair or reduced muscle strength, their immune system also undergoes shifts. One key change involves the stem cells that give rise to blood and immune cells, which can accumulate mutatio

Machine learning model predicts protein binding on gold nanoclusters

Researchers in the Nanoscience Center at the University of Jyväskylä, Finland, have developed a pioneering computational model that could expedite the use of nanomaterials in biomedical applications. The study presented the first generalizable machine-learning framework capable of predicting how proteins interact with ligand-stabilized gold nanoclusters, materials widely employed in bioimaging, biosensing, and targeted drug delivery.

The adsorption of proteins onto nanomaterial surfaces is fundamental to many biological applications, including bioimaging and biosensing to targeted drug delivery. Gold nanoclusters, in particular, have attracted attention thanks to their biocompatibility and tunable optical properties. Yet existing studies that predict how proteins interact with these ligand-protected nanostructures often focus on isolated cases, leaving researchers without a unified model to guide design.

“This gap has created a clear need for general, scalable models capable of capturing the underlying rules of protein–nanocluster binding,” specifies Postdoctoral Researcher Brenda Ferrari from the University of Jyväskylä

Microgel-based antioxidant system advances biohybrid brain research

Researchers have unveiled a breakthrough technology that could transform the way scientists build and study lab-grown brain tissue models. The innovation, called Cellular RedOx Spreading Shield (CROSS), delivers long-lasting antioxidant protection to stem cells, enabling the reliable production of high-quality extracellular vesicles (EVs) that strengthen neuron-glia networks.

The study, published in the journal Advanced Functional Materials, was led by University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign chemical and biomolecular engineering professor Hyunjoon Kong and chemistry professor Hee Sun Han, and performed by Ryan Miller, currently a post-doctoral fellow at Georgia Tech.

Jonghwi Lee, in the chemical engineering department at Chung-Ang University in South Korea, and Young Jun Kim at the Korean Institute of Science and Technology–Europe, collaborated on the project.

Protein unties tangled DNA linked to hotspots of cancer mutations

New research published in Nature Communications has linked a normal cellular process to an accumulation of DNA mutations in cancer and identified cancer-driving mutations in an underexplored part of the genome.

Led by Dr. Jüri Reimand of the Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (OICR), the study centers around a protein called TOP2B, part of a family of enzymes that serve an important function in cells and are targets of common cancer chemotherapies.

Strands of DNA are long and complex, and they often get looped and tangled. When that happens, TOP2B and other topoisomerase proteins make cuts to DNA strands to help untangle and repair them. But Reimand and colleagues found many genetic mutations present at the sites of these cuts.

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