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Category: biotech/medical – Page 57

Water-repelling surfaces reveal surprising charging effects

Materials that repel water are used in countless applications, including industrial separation processes, routine laboratory pipetting, and medical devices. When water touches these surfaces, the interface where they meet tends to acquire a small electrical charge—an effect that is ubiquitous, yet poorly understood. KAUST researchers have now studied this in detail and their findings could have broad implications. The findings are published in the journal Langmuir.

“This is not a niche laboratory curiosity,” says Yinfeng Xu, a Ph.D. student who led the experimental work in Himanshu Mishra’s laboratory. “This phenomenon plays a role in environmental processes such as dew droplets and raindrops; in industrial operations involving sprays, condensates, or emulsions; and in modern microfluidic and liquid-handling systems used in laboratories worldwide.”

$220 Billion Problem: Scientists Uncover the Secret Weapon Bacteria Use To Take Over Crops

Plant-infecting bacteria have a surprisingly direct way of taking over crops. Instead of slowly breaking down defenses, many of them inject proteins straight into plant cells, effectively hijacking the system from the inside.

For decades, scientists have tried to understand one particularly important group of these proteins, known as AvrE/DspE. These molecules are used by pathogens that attack a wide range of crops, including rice, tomatoes, apples, and pears. They are responsible for diseases such as bacterial speck, brown spot, and the devastating fire blight that can wipe out entire orchards.

Higher testosterone linked to increased suicide risk in depressed teenage boys

New research reveals that adolescent boys hospitalized with major depression have much higher testosterone levels if they experience suicidal thoughts. The findings point toward potential biological markers that could help doctors identify young men at risk of self-harm.

New mouse model of virus-driven liver cancer may boost diagnosis and treatments

Liver cancer is one of the world’s deadliest cancers, and most cases are linked to chronic viral hepatitis. Yet scientists have lacked an animal model that faithfully recapitulates how the disease unfolds in people, from initial infection with a virus to liver inflammation, scarring, and cancer. Now, researchers at The Rockefeller University have developed that model, as described in the Journal of Hepatology.

By infecting ordinary laboratory mice with an engineered version of Norway rat hepacivirus (NrHV)—a close relative of hepatitis C virus (HCV)—and tracking the animals over 18 months, the team documented the progression from chronic viral hepatitis to spontaneous liver cancer.

“This model fills a critical gap that has long existed in the field,” says Charles M. Rice, whose Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease helmed the study. “For the first time, we have a system in which natural chronic viral infection drives liver cancer in an immunologically healthy animal, opening the door to studies and preclinical trials that simply weren’t possible before.”

Cellular and molecular mechanisms of astrocyte plasticity in learning and memory

Astrocyte plasticity in learning and memory.

Neuronal hallmark features of learning and memory, such as activity dependent plasticity, circuit-level modulation, and gene regulatory mechanisms, are also observed in astrocytes.

Astrocytic calcium displays plastic, activity-dependent recruitment and refinement (akin to neuronal activity) across neuronal subtypes, brain regions, and behavioral paradigms, and Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADDs)-mediated manipulations highlight astrocytic recruitment of circuit-specific neurons.

Astrocyte peripheral processes display activity-dependent plasticity and are able to discriminate between neuronal subtypes, circuits, and even individual synapses.

Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals molecularly defined subtypes of astrocytes that display unique transcriptional responses to learning and memory and implicates potential ‘ensemble’-like networks of astrocytes. sciencenewshighlights ScienceMission https://sciencemission.com/astrocyte-plasticity

Learning and memory arise from coordinated activity-dependent plasticity across neural circuits and brain regions. Astrocytes are increasingly recognized as active contributors to learning and memory via their roles in sensing, integrating, and responding to contextual information. Astrocytes modulate synaptic transmission, engage in circuit-specific signaling, and display context-dependent calcium dynamics that influence behavior. In this review, we focus on astrocyte functions across rodent models that display plasticity traditionally ascribed to neurons, including activity-dependent molecular and structural plasticity, circuit-level modulation, ensemble-like networks, and transcriptional, translational, proteomic, and epigenetic plasticity.

Continue reading “Cellular and molecular mechanisms of astrocyte plasticity in learning and memory” | >

First-in-class molecules dial down inflammation without compromising immunity

Scripps Research scientists have developed a new class of drug compounds that reduce harmful inflammation while leaving the body’s ability to fight infections intact—a long-sought goal in treating autoimmune diseases. The compounds, called ENDOtollins, work by interrupting a “molecular handshake” between two proteins inside immune cells. The research, published in Nature Chemical Biology, could lead to more targeted treatments for conditions like lupus, rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile arthritis, which together affect more than 15 million Americans.

“A key component of our approach is to begin by understanding the biological mechanisms at play,” says Sergio D. Catz, professor at Scripps Research and senior author. “By accomplishing this first, we can more easily target the pathway driving inflammation without affecting other important processes.”

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