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Collagen, the protein that builds skin, bones, tendons and organs, exists inside cells as a liquidlike droplet rather than the long, rigid rod seen in textbooks over the last half-century, according to a new study from the Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG) in Barcelona.

The finding, published in the Journal of Cell Biology, is the first direct observation of how the most abundant protein in the human body, which accounts for around a third of total protein mass, exists naturally inside living cells.

“Inside a cell, collagens are not rigid molecules as one had assumed. They are in fact very pliable, taking a liquid condensate form much like oil in a drop of water,” explains ICREA Research Professor Vivek Malhotra, senior author of the study at the CRG in Barcelona.

Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is a critical global pathogen, primarily causing Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease (HFMD) but frequently leading to severe neurological complications, including fatal neurogenic pulmonary edema (PE). This review elucidates the complex interplay between viral pathogenesis and the host immune response. EV-A71 utilizes receptors like SCARB2 and PSGL-1 for entry, while its proteases (2Apro, 3Cpro) efficiently evade innate immunity by cleaving key signaling adaptors (MAVS, TRIF), suppressing Type I IFN response. Critical to disease progression is the age-dependent vulnerability in infants and the subsequent shift toward immunopathology. Severe disease is driven by a systemic cytokine storm and T cell dysregulation, characterized by a loss of control from Treg cells and a profound Th17/Treg imbalance, resulting in high levels of pathogenic cytokines (e.g., IL-17A, IFN-γ).